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Typical source

Synthetic or fermentation

Plain-language explanation

Propionic acid (E280) is a natural preservative that prevents mold and bacteria from growing in foods like bread and cheese. It can be produced either through natural fermentation by bacteria or synthetically from petroleum. The halal status depends on its source: when made by fermentation, it is generally considered halal, but if derived from petroleum, its status can be questionable and requires specific halal certification. Major halal bodies like JAKIM and MUI typically approve it if the source is verified as halal.