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Typical source

Bacterial fermentation

Plain-language explanation

E415, or xanthan gum, is a thickening agent made by fermenting sugar with the bacterium *Xanthomonas campestris*. It is widely considered halal by major certification bodies like JAKIM, MUI, and MUIS because the bacteria and the fermentation process are not derived from animal sources. However, its halal status can become doubtful if the growth medium for the bacteria contains non-halal nutrients like pork-derived enzymes or alcohol. Therefore, consumers should look for a halal certification to ensure the final product is pure.